Galdino

ON ST. GALDINO, CARDINAL OF THE HOLY ROMAN CHURCH,

ARCHBISHOP OF MILAN, AND LEGATE OF THE APOSTOLIC SEE.

IN THE YEAR 1176.

Galdino, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Archbishop of Milan, and Legate of the Apostolic See (S.)

G. H.

[1] Among the Acts of the diocesan Synods, which St. Charles Borromeo celebrated in the Church of Milan, there is a table of the Archbishops of the Church of Milan, in which are enumerated thirty-four Prelates placed in the catalogue of the Saints: Holy Bishops of Milan, 35. to whom St. Charles himself was added as the thirty-fifth. Among these in the twelfth century of Christ flourished St. Galdino, of whom we here treat, also a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, and Legate of the Apostolic See. His Life, formerly written not long after his death, we give from the parchment codex of the monastery of Blauburen of the Order of St. Benedict, in the diocese of Constance, near Ulm, an imperial city of Germany, which John Gamans submitted to us from there, The Life of St. Galdino is given from MSS. and Mombritius. copied by his own hand. We have the same, printed about two hundred years ago, in the collection of Jovinus Mombritius, volume 1 De Vitis Sanctorum. John Peter Puricellus, Doctor of sacred Theology, and Archpriest of the Laurentian Church among the Milanese, in the Monuments of the Ambrosian Church and Monastery, found the same Life of St. Galdino in a Milanese monk, named Hilarion, and alleges many things from the same for the confirmation of his history. But to illustrate this Life, it seemed to need somewhat longer Annotations, Analecta are added. than could conveniently be annexed to individual chapters: wherefore toward the end we join the Analecta distinguished into their paragraphs, and more accurately explain the series of times.

[2] The cult and veneration are indicated, with today's Roman Martyrology, by Molanus, Ghinius, Galesinius, Ferrarius, and others; Sacred cult from Martyrologies, Breviaries, Missals. but especially the ancient Missals and Breviaries of the Church of Milan. From these, in the Calendar of the Missal printed in the year 1560, he is referred to the following day, and his feast is noted to be celebrated on the second Sunday after Easter: from these we take this Preface concerning his virtues and miracles, wont to be recited in the Mass: A distinguished eulogy from the Preface of the Mass, "O eternal God: on the festivity of Blessed Galdino praising the glory of your magnificence, whom you showed magnificent with wondrous sanctity of the works of faith, deservedly to be exalted with magnificent proclamations. For he, Archdeacon and Chancellor of the Metropolis of Ambrose, was so ardent a zealot of the faith and champion of Ecclesiastical unity, that he chose, rather, with the thresholds of his homeland left behind, to live an exile, than to obey the schismatics rending the seamless tunic of the Lord. He, Cardinal of the Roman Church, most vigilant Pastor of the Milanese, wards off rapacious wolves lest they tear the flock, an excellent preacher against heretics. synopsis of virtues. He, fervent in charity, preeminent in humility, abounding in piety, forestalling the voice of the one about to ask, relieves the needy, dowers poor girls, nourishes the aged, guardian of widows, father and refuge of orphans. O how happy is the progress of the holy life of this blessed man! O how happier is his going forth: who, confuting heretics, and miracles: when he had refreshed the people with the banquet of God's word, is led into the banquet of Angels! O with how bright miracles does he shine! For to his tomb come the blind, they receive light; the lame their step; the sick are healed, demons are driven out, through Christ our Lord, through whom your Majesty &c." In the Orations, which are recited specially about the same Saint, God is praised, "who adorned Blessed Galdino the Pontiff with the works of mercy by his grace," and "who conferred on Blessed Galdino the Pontiff such constancy of faith, that he chose rather to be a pilgrim, than to consent to the schismatics," enemies of Ecclesiastical unity, elsewhere of truth. The body in the Cathedral church, He died and was buried in the church of St. Thecla, built in the area of the Cathedral church: but in the year 1548 that was destroyed and leveled, and the body of St. Galdino with other holy Bishops was placed in the said Cathedral church, his relics at Bologna. in the altar of the Sanctuary under the main altar. Some of his relics, received by gift of St. Charles Borromeo, Cardinal Gabriel Paleotti, Bishop of Bologna, placed in the year 1582 in his Metropolitan: whose sacred memory Masinus recalls in his Bologna Perlustrata.

LIFE

From the Blauburen MS. and Mombritius.

Galdino, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Archbishop of Milan, and Legate of the Apostolic See (S.)

BHL Number: 3232

By G. H.

[1] Galdino, a man of Milan, a distinguished citizen, sprung from the noble family of the Valvasors de Sala, From a noble family of the city of Milan of the Eastern gate, from infancy instructed in sacred letters, placed and ordained in the greater church of Milan, came so far, that

in the same church he exercised the dignity of Archdeacon and the office of Chancellor. Who afterwards faithfully and devoutly adhered to his predecessor, Archdeacon, at the time of the Schism Hubert of Pirovano Archbishop, at the time of the schism made under Pope Alexander III and Emperor Frederick; departing from his city with his Lord and some others, fleeing the rage of the same schism and the danger of his city, with the Archbishop he flees to Alexander III, he was received by Pope Alexander, also fleeing the same rage of the schism, together with his Lord in a friendly, grateful, and most officious manner. Therefore Blessed Galdino endured exile and not small labors, with his Pontiff and the said Pope Alexander and some others.

[2] When for about four years they had been in exile in the Gallican Church; at length by ship to Palermo, through many dangers of rivers and robbers, he dwells in Gaul, they came to the King of Sicily. He, indeed, receiving them with much honor, took care of them studiously for some days, he sails to Palermo; and then dismissing them from himself, gave them many gifts. Then when, according to the arrangement of the aforesaid Apostolic man, he comes to Benevento, they had come to Benevento; a little afterwards the man of God Galdino, Archdeacon and at the same time scribe of his Prelate, called by the supreme Pontiff Alexander, is made Cardinal at Rome: with the consent of the same Archpriest of his, sets out for Rome: and there, with his merits pleading for him, is ordained Cardinal Presbyter of St. Sabina.

[3] There while he stayed for a little while, the already-said Archpriest Hubert began to be detained by a grave infirmity: with the Archbishop dead at Benevento, and already his course of labor and contest finished, he departed in peace from this light; leaving to all an example, for the faith and unity of the Church, to give himself to death and perils, and to lay down life for the Lord. And with his burial worthily procured, and worthy funeral exequies shown to him in the church of St. Sophia, which is in the city of Benevento, he grieves much: his body was laid to rest with the greatest honor. Blessed Galdino therefore, bereaved of such a Father, and deprived of such a solace, poured forth many tears for his dearest Father and Lord; offering to very many an example of his piety: fearing no doubt, lest with so great a Father departing from this light, the Milanese Church should be endangered, with the city of Milan then destroyed, especially since at that time the city lay destroyed, and the people were held under the yoke of captivity and hard servitude. But also the Priests and Clerics, and the Clergy miserably dispersed, who, preserving faith and unity, dared to invoke the supreme Pontiff Alexander, were afflicted with various torments by the schismatics; and many, having suffered losses of their possessions, as though fearing for their life, were urged to the detestable oath. But the almighty God, who chastises those he loves, mindful of his mercies, and not enduring so holy and noble a Church to perish, both provided a worthy Shepherd for him, and after some time restored the city by the strength of his arm.

[4] For the said Alexander, grieving for the death of his Confrère with paternal affection, he is consecrated Archbishop by Pope Alexander III, and desiring to provide for his Church as he could, (since the Milanese Church, which had been as it were dispersed, could not nor dared treat of the election of a Pastor) calling Argisius the Sacristan of the Pirovano family, and Blessed Galdino and others, whom in those parts he could have of the Milanese Clergy, quite maturely, solicitous for the restoration of the city. the above-said Galdino, a most holy man endowed with many virtues, at the prayers of the Brothers who were present, consecrated him Bishop. He, although on account of his exile and the labors which he had borne, labored with weakness of body, and did not willingly take up so great a burden; yet constant in mind, fervent in charity, with assiduous prayers and frequent sighs he entreated the Lord, that the fallen city might sometime rise, the Church be restored, and both Clergy and people together with him return to their own seats.

[5] Therefore with a little time elapsed, the Lombards, providing for themselves against a similar disaster, mindful of the strength and fortitude of the said city, secretly entered into counsel, and determined to restore it for a fortification and defense of other cities. Further, though some, cherishing an ancient hatred, dissented; yet by divine grace superabounding, and by the merits of the Holy Martyrs and Confessors pleading, it came about that many of the Lombards, with the citizens of Milan brought back, mindful of their former society and love, approached the city with an armed hand: in order to exhort and confirm the citizens, who had been dispersed into four parts, to return to the city: And first the soldiers of Bergamo ten, with ten banners, came; and those of Brescia and Cremona, by the help of neighboring cities, in the year 1167 on April 27, the Mantuans also with those of Verona, with those who inhabit the March of Treviso, brought the Milanese into the city, in the year of the Lord 1167, on the fifth Kalends of May. Then was to be seen the people returning from the Babylonian captivity, men weeping for joy, children and women crying out for gladness. Voices were carried to heaven: each hastened to his own.

[6] made an Apostolic Legate, These things so performed, Galdino, hearing of the restoration of his city, providently having taken up the legation of the Apostolic See, seized the road to his homeland: and avoiding the snares of his enemies, which in many places were set for him, sailing the sea, in the habit of a pilgrim to Venice, through immense dangers, yet unharmed, he came: and then reaching Lombardy, having resumed the Episcopal habit and pontifical insignia, he became nearer to Milan. he goes to Venice, then to Milan All the citizens with the whole Clergy met him with the greatest exultation: and receiving him with worthy veneration, as was fitting, they conducted him with hymns to the basilica of Blessed Ambrose, in the year of the Lord's nativity 1167, on the 5th day of September. received with solemn rite on September 5 Therefore there was in the city, at the arrival of so great a Pastor, great joy; and all exulted, seeing that all things worked together for good. But all the assailants of the Church yielded: and some indeed asking pardon, others going away afterwards, desisted from persecution.

[7] Therefore this most pious man received the Church, and undauntedly governing it, snatched as soon as possible from their jaws the estates and patrimony of the Church, he recovers the patrimony of the Church: he restores the palace: which had been given for prey and rapine of many. But also the palace, which the enemies had utterly destroyed, he repaired far more excellently and with wondrous beauty and ornament. And although in all these things he was burned by frequent and almost continual infirmities of the body, yet in his office he was so vigilant, that he wearied whoever were around him, vigilant in his office, Clerics, with psalmodies, vigils, and prayers. Knowing nothing in this world to be safe or durable, he always thought of death, mindful of the Wise man, who says: "Set before your eyes the day of your death, and you shall never sin." But also he had received from God such grace of speaking, an excellent orator: that when he spoke to the people about divine worship, not a man but the Spirit of God seemed to speak in him. Eccl. 7:40

[8] But the care of the poor was above all mortals his: and although in other expenses and daily burdens human greed touched him; toward the poor however he was so profuse, a caretaker of the poor, that he thought he possessed nothing for himself, but all things for them; so that he was believed to live not for himself, but for the poor of Christ. But no less was he solicitous for those who labored in want and poverty, and blushed to ask for alms. For forestalling the voice of him about to ask, he mercifully compassionated all and bestowed. He was also of such humility, humble that to some he seemed contemptible for his humility. Yet resisting the proud and the haughty in strength of spirit, he resists the proud: he strove to conquer evil with good. For the defense and exaltation of his Church he bore such care and solicitude, that he was moved by no one's threats or blandishments. meek and kind, Moreover, he showed himself so meek and kind to all, that by his sanctity and kindness of piety and mercy he offered a form and example to all. Finally, endowed with every virtue, he was of such cheerfulness toward his household, that when he was alone with them, he thought himself one of them, knowing that he, like them, was mortal.

[9] Therefore, when he had consecrated almost all his Suffragans in their time, and his city and Church, by the working of the Lord, had been restored to their former state; he consecrates Suffragans, the heresy of the Cathari began to sprout in the city, as a cause of the preceding distraction and schism: which, by the exaction of sins, had grown so much, that many with rash boldness publicly preached the very heresy and other errors, he solidly confutes the Cathari heretics. and many simple souls were caught in the snares of diabolic fraud. Therefore, this holy man opposing himself to this most savage pest, with many sermons and preachings drew his people back from that foolish error and madness; and instructing him in the rudiments of the Catholic faith as much as he could, he profited by word and example.

[10] But when he had completed the tenth year in his Pontificate; on the same day on which he received consecration, with the solemnity of the Lord's Resurrection celebrated, on the second Sunday after Easter, kindled with zeal of God against the heretics, On the 2nd Sunday after Easter, in the Church of St. Thecla, during Mass he goes to the church of St. Thecla, to perform the divine offices in it according to custom. But because he labored with much weakness of body, he ordered the solemnities of the Masses to be celebrated by the above-mentioned Sacristan, who afterwards succeeded him. But he himself, having made confession with the Brothers, before the reading of the Gospel was recited to the people; ascending the pulpit, delivered a most distinguished oration against the aforementioned Cathari and their accomplices, he preached against the Cathari, most openly and as was fitting confuting their errors with many arguments and reasons, and proving the Catholic faith with many examples of the holy Fathers and Evangelical scriptures.

[11] But after he had made an end of speaking; his course of contest being consummated, he began to feel that discomfort of the body, suffered a fainting, by which the soul is separated from the body. Therefore the Brothers held the change of his countenance, noting him gradually failing: they therefore set him down there with a slight motion. But with the Gospel read and the solemnities of the Masses completed, with him lying in the same pulpit, he dies in the pulpit. by such nods as he could, commending his soul to the Brothers standing by; with much Clergy and people standing by, he rendered his spirit to God: whence it came to pass that he left no small sadness to the Brothers and to the Church.

[12] But he, taken up to heaven for his people, as is piously to be believed, does not cease to intercede with the Lord. he shines with miracles, Which is declared by many and manifest signs and indications: for sick men come to his tomb, promise vows, bring back health: the crooked man returns upright; and the distorted in limbs marvel at their healed limbs: the demon driven out flees, and leaves the body possessed by the merits of the blessed man, and shows that the honor of the deceased Prelate is a torment to himself. So great miracles shine by the merits of Galdino, that now the age of Peter the Apostle seems to have returned, and of his companions. Therefore let us venerate the holy Pastor, whom the Lord gave us as Patron:

that the Cathari, sowing wicked doctrine, do not wound the faith, which, exploded by the Catholic Church, they still follow. But the Brothers of his Church took care of his burial, he is buried, and buried his body under the same pulpit in a stone mausoleum with much reverence. Further, by Divine providence it came to pass that after some time by the counsel of the Brothers it was transferred to a higher place on another side of the pulpit, is transferred to a higher place. and there his most holy body, placed in a precious sarcophagus, is celebrated to the present day. But Blessed Galdino died in the year of the Lord's nativity 1176, on April 18.

NOTES

p From these things it is clear that the author was contemporary, since the said heresy was still sprouting.

q These things are expressed in Mombritius: in the year 1126, with the numeral L omitted, on April 19, where there is an excess of one day, which will best be corrected from what will be said below.

ANALECTA

Galdino, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Archbishop of Milan, and Legate of the Apostolic See (S.)

BY G.H.

§ I. The calamity of the city of Milan from the year 1159 to 1167. The exile of St. Galdino, and his arrival as newly made Archbishop.

[1] In a most afflicted time of the universal Church and especially of the city of Milan, St. Galdino lived, first Archdeacon, then Archbishop of the Church of Milan. The origin of this calamity began in the year 1159, The hatred of Emperor Frederick against the Milanese increased in the year 1159, and indeed from a twofold source. First, that in the month of January Frederick Barbarossa the Emperor, who was then in the Lombard dominion, sent to Milan as Legates Rainald, Archbishop of Cologne, and Otho, Count Palatine, to create new Consuls for the city. But the citizens thought this so contrary to their liberty, because of his Legates ill received, that they ran together to expel the Legates from the city, and they were almost crushed in the tumult. These, returning to Frederick, related the injury done to them, and greatly increased the indignation against the Milanese previously conceived, as Tristan Chalcus explains in more detail, in book 9 of the History of Milan page 189. In the same year on the Kalends of September, with Pope Hadrian IV dead, Alexander, third of this name, was soon legitimately substituted: against whom, chiefly at the instigation of Emperor Frederick, Octavian was intruded, having taken the name Victor: when with John of Anagni the Cardinal sent to the Milanese, Pope Alexander, with the covenant made with the Milanese struck on March 28 of the year 1160, bound the Archbishop and Consuls with an oath of fidelity, [and because of the covenant struck with Pope Alexander III, against Victor Antipope.] as Sigonius, in De Regno Italiae, widely explains for the said year. And this was another occasion for Emperor Frederick to wage war with more ardent mind with the Milanese. There then flourished at Milan St. Galdino the Archdeacon, who with his Archbishop Obert, otherwise Hubert, and the Archpriest Milo, in the month of February, subscribed to a concord entered into between the Abbot of the Morimondo monastery on the bank of the Ticino and the Provost of Rosate: an old document of which concord Ughellus published in the Archbishops of Milan column 213.

[2] In the very next year 1161, Victor Antipope, in a little council held in the city of Lodi, excommunicated the Archbishop and the Consuls of Milan and their supporters; and Emperor Frederick, reinforced with new troops from Germany, With Milan besieged surrounded the city of Milan with a siege toward the end of May. from the end of May of the year 1160 Among these calamities of Italy Pope Alexander, to provide for the Church, departed from Rome toward the end of this year; and having entered the sea at Genoa, he landed on January 21 of the following year 1162; and there he stayed more than two months, and against the prohibition of Emperor Frederick was received by the whole Clergy and people with honor and glory: as is clear from the Acts of the same Pope in Baronius for the present year no. 2. and oppressed by famine in the year 1161, But since there was at that time at Milan a most grave scarcity of provisions, and tumults and quarrels were stirred up, because the Archbishop had adhered to Pope Alexander; the Archbishop, with St. Galdino and some others, retired to Genoa to Pope Alexander. St. Galdino with the Archbishop flees to Genoa to Alexander III, Then all together on Passion Sunday left Genoa, and sailed to Narbonne in Gaul, and first came to Magalona and thence to the city of Montpellier. The same Lent the Milanese were compelled by famine to surrender to Emperor Frederick, who ordered that all should depart from the city within eight days. Then he himself entering the city gave it over to plunder and ruin: and having celebrated there the feast of Palms, proceeding to Pavia, he kept the day of Easter.

[3] The city of Milan therefore lay without inhabitants, in its own ashes, until the year 1167. With the city destroyed he lives in Gaul, But Pope Alexander, and St. Galdino with his Archbishop, remained in Gaul until the fourth year: and among other things done there, Alexander at Clermont again struck Victor and Frederick and their faction with the sacred anathema, and in the year 1163 he was present at the Council held at Tours on the 4th day before the Kalends of June, together with Louis VII King of the Franks, 17 Cardinals, 124 Bishops, among whom the Archbishop of Milan, 414 Abbots, and others with St. Galdino: who rescinded the acts of the little councils of Pavia and Lodi, convoked by Emperor Frederick. With Victor Antipope dead in the year 1164 on the Kalends of April, to him was substituted Guido of Crema, also called Paschal. In the very next year 1165 the cities of Lombardy began to treat of entering into a covenant against the Emperor: and Pope Alexander, with the Romans urging him, prepared his return from Gaul; in the year 1165 he sails to Sicily, and within the Octave of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, together with St. Galdino and his Archbishop, came from Montpellier to the ships; and having entered the sea, sailed to Palermo, as the Acts of St. Galdino have. Yet the Acts of Pope Alexander in Baronius for this year no. 11 relate that he landed at Messina. From there Alexander setting out for Rome, was led in with the most solemn rite on November 21. But St. Galdino with his Archbishop, having set out for Benevento, came there at the beginning of the said November; he is made Cardinal in the month of December whence soon called to Rome, in the month of December he was made Cardinal of St. Sabina, which Sigonius also indicated for this year.

[4] With the Archbishop of Milan Obert or Hubert dying at Benevento on March 28 in the year 1166, with solemn rite by Pope Alexander St. Galdino was inaugurated Archbishop of Milan, he is ordained Archbishop on the 2nd Sunday after Easter, in the year 1166 on the same day on which afterwards he departed from life, on the second Sunday after Easter, as the Acts no. 10 have. But since in the said year 1166 Easter fell on the 24th day of April, this consecration would have been done on May 8, the day of the Apparition of St. Michael, when the Gospel of the Sunday proposes the good shepherd, who gives his life for the sheep. Others reject the consecration to the 18th day of April, which was the next weekday after Palm Sunday. But the Acts themselves are opposed, and more time is required, so that after the notice of the death of Obert, some of the Clergy of Milan could be collected at Rome. With Milan restored in the year 1167 Meanwhile, while St. Galdino, remaining at Rome, was administering his Archbishopric even in absence; the Lombards, gathered from several cities, held a colloquy in the Pontida monastery, between Milan and Bergamo, on March 28 of the year 1167: and soon, on the appointed day the individual cities drove out the Prefects of Frederick through tumult from the cities; and with Consuls created they restored the old Republic; and then on April 27 on Thursday the Milanese returned to their own city, deserted and almost destroyed. Meanwhile Frederick, solicited by the Antipope Paschal, attacks Rome; and takes it (but with Pope Alexander slipping away by flight to Benevento) on July 24, and with Rome occupied and left by Frederick, and on the Kalends of August is crowned Augustus by the Antipope Paschal. But the next day, with his army suddenly seized by pestilence and perishing in great part, the Emperor himself also deserted Rome, and proceeding through Etruria into Lombardy, on September 11 entered Pavia. St. Galdino had already departed from Rome before, having taken up the Legation of the Apostolic See, in the habit of a pilgrim, and came by sea to Venice; and thence through Lombardy he proceeded toward Milan, and stayed for some time in the monastery of Clairvaux: he comes to Milan on September 5. where he mounted a horse prepared by the Milanese, covered with a saddle, and thence came to the church of Blessed Ambrose, afterwards to the greater church, having over his head a gilded pall, which with four spears was being carried by the Standard-Bearers, he arrived

on the fifth day of September, as from the Catalogue of the Metropolitan Archpresbyter and Secretary of the city Puricellus narrates in the Monuments of the Ambrosian Church and Monastery chapter 493.

§ II. The Province of Milan, with the schism abolished, brought back into obedience of the true Pontiff.

[5] Emperor Frederick, staying at Pavia from September 11, proscribes the cities rebellious to him; With Frederick escaping in flight to Germany in the year 1168, he also attempts many hostile things, and especially against the Milanese; but in vain, since St. Galdino fostered and animated these. When then the Lombard cities were prevailing against him, he himself, neither at Pavia nor elsewhere in Lombardy safe, fled into Germany, having taken the garb of a servant, in the month of March of the year 1168. These things thus performed, with what zeal St. Galdino burned, he soon showed. The matter, as narrated by the Continuator of Acerbus Murena in the History of Lodi, in the words of him who saw all, Ughellus in The Bishops of Lodi col. 914 narrates thus: St. Galdino sends his men to Lodi Pompeia, "Meanwhile Lord Galdino de la Sala, citizen and cleric of Milan, who for many years had been Chancellor of Lord Ribaldus and Lord Hubert of Pirovano, Archbishops of Milan, and had been raised in place of the already said Hubert to the Archbishopric of Milan by Lord Pope Alexander, then constituted Legate of the same Pope in Lombardy, sent his Messengers, namely the Abbot of St. Ambrose and the Abbot of St. Vincent of Milan, to Lord Albertus of Cazano, then Provost of the greater Church of Lodi, and to the other Provosts, Abbots, Presbyters and Clerics and also Consuls of Lodi, saying and admonishing that they should entirely leave the party of Pope Paschal and Lord Emperor Frederick, he commands that they recognize Pope Alexander, and elect another Bishop. and favor the party of Pope Alexander, and make satisfaction to the Pope himself for the injury done to him, and elect a Catholic Bishop: and unless they did this, they should abstain from Ecclesiastical office and benefice. But the said Provost and the other Clerics hearing this, were greatly saddened; both because a great part of them had sworn at the command of the Emperor, to hold Pope Paschal as Pope forever; and also because almost all of them had sworn fidelity to Lord Alberico Merlino, at that time, as it seemed to them, Catholic Bishop of Lodi, and not yet canonically deposed: and therefore they greatly feared to do this, and reckoned it to themselves as the greatest dishonor.

[6] After a long discussion "Conferring among themselves also, that if the said Pope Paschal and the Emperor should still be victors, they would condemn them forever, and each of them would be deprived of dignity and grace; they feared exceedingly to obey the mandates of the aforesaid Galdino. This also, to refuse what the said Lord Galdino had commanded them, many stunned: both on account of Pope Alexander and the second Lord Galdino the Archbishop; who now in those parts existed as victors; and on account of the cities of Lombardy, almost all together conspiring: because they knew that if they were expelled from Lodi, they would not have in Lombardy a dwelling-place or a place in which they could retire. At length, doubtful, having turned over the troubles on this side and that for a long enough time, since they could find no mercy from the said Archbishop, he obtains his demands. unless they fulfilled what he had commanded them; choosing rather to live than to die, and moreover to stand in their own homeland rather than to wander in a foreign one; they disposed themselves to believe in Pope Alexander, and to favor his party, and to elect a new Bishop according to the will of the Archbishop. Therefore on Holy Thursday, which was then the fourth day before the Kalends of April, in the first Indiction, in the year eleven hundred sixty-eight, the above-written Lord Alberico, Provost of the greater Church of Lodi, with St. Albert elected as Bishop. having taken common counsel both of the Abbots, Provosts, Presbyters, and other Clerics of the city of Lodi, and also of those who were outside the city in the Bishopric of Lodi, to the honor of God and of the most blessed Virgin Mary and of the blessed and precious Confessor Bassianus, elected Lord Albertus, at that time Provost of the Church of Ripalta, an honest and religious man, as Bishop and Pastor of Lodi: But on the next Wednesday after Easter, the Abbots, Provosts, Presbyters and many other Clerics of Lodi, the Consuls of Lodi also and many Judges and wise men of Lodi, went to Bergamo, where then the Lord Elect was present: and on the next Thursday following they conducted him to Lodi with ineffable joy: who there was received with very great honor by all, both Clerics and laity." Thus far Ughellus with the words of the Continuator of Murena: who pursues the remaining Acts and the happy death of the same Bishop Albert: whom afterwards, inscribed among the Saints, the people of Lodi honor as their Patron on July 4.

[7] With various Bishops deposed, he ordains good ones throughout the diocese, The Acts above no. 9 affirm that almost all the Suffragans were consecrated by St. Galdino: of whom the said St. Albert seems to have been the first. The next perhaps was Otho, Bishop of Alba, ordained in the year 1169; since his predecessor Peter had been excommunicated by Pope Alexander and deprived of his bishopric. In the same manner Gerard, Bishop of Bergamo, because he adhered to Emperor Frederick and the Antipope, struck with anathema, and deposed from his See, was also forced to leave the city, with Galdino, Archbishop of Milan, and Cardinal Legate of Pope Alexander, persecuting the most factious man. With this Legate present and ratifying the election, the Clerics of Bergamo elevated, in the year 1170 on January 27, Guala, Canon of St. Alexander. In the same year 1170 among the Vercellians was ordained as Bishop Guala Bondanus, formerly Provost, whose predecessor Ugotius had been very dear to Emperor Frederick. To the Cremonese two Bishops were consequently given. For with Obert, who had lived under Imperial protection, dead in the year 1169, Emanuel, monk of the Cistercian Order, was first created; and he after a few months, famous for miracles, is said to have died in the following year 1170, on February 27, on which day we have treated of him among the Passed-over. But to Emanuel Unfredus or Offredus, a man endowed with the greatest piety, was substituted. Among the Astenses, Anselm, on November 27 of the said year 1170, having died, was succeeded by William; but with Amizo, Bishop of Turin, extinguished, in the year 1171 Milo, before Archpriest of St. Galdino in the Church of Milan, was subrogated. At that time also to William Facetus, intruded into the See of Novara by Emperor Frederick, Boniface succeeded; and in the year 1173 to Raymond Bishop of Brescia, who died on August 4, John Flumicellus was given as successor. Concerning the aforesaid Bishops Ughellus, volume 4 of Italia sacra, is to be consulted: for it is enough to have gathered these things in a few words, that the industry of St. Galdino the Apostolic Legate and his zeal for the orthodox faith may be understood. Besides, as is read in the Acts of Pope Alexander in Baronius for the year 1175 no. 12, "Pope Alexander in the church of Alexandria, at the request of the Archbishop of Milan and of the Comprovincial Bishops and the Rectors of the cities of Lombardy, established a Bishopric: in which he had Arduinus, Subdeacon of the Roman Church, elected as Bishop, to be consecrated by the Metropolitan of Milan as his Suffragan." But he is said to have died before consecration.

* otherwise Alberto.

§ III. Illustrious deeds done at Milan. The time of his death.

[8] He takes care of his own Church: St. Galdino bestowed no less care on administering his own See and city of Milan, and stirring it up to greater worship of God. We give one letter, published by Puricellus chapter 512; which, written about the year 1170, confirms the honors of the ancient Metropolitan Chapter, and is of this sort. "Galdino, by the grace of God Archbishop of the Church of Milan, Legate of the Apostolic See, to his most beloved Brothers M. the Archpriest, V. the Archdeacon, and to all the Presbyters, Deacons and Subdeacons and Notaries of the Church of Milan, both present and future, in perpetuity. The care of the received government, which by the favor of divine grace, though unworthy, we bear, admonishes and compels us, to give grateful assent to your just and honorable petitions: and when you have asked something of us, which seems to be in agreement with reason and equity, he studies equity, so to bestow our authority, that your desire with an attendant affection may be fulfilled. Wherefore, most beloved Brothers, desiring to preserve your rights and honors in all things, taking precautions also, lest by the rashness or importunity of any rivals, anything could hereafter be in any way derogated from your right and dignity, or anything at any time be presumed by anyone to your injury and contempt; the ancient customs or traditions of the Fathers, he proposes the ancient traditions to be observed, which the Church of Milan from ancient backward times preserved, according to which we have seen them preserved in our days in the same Church, we approve by our authority and confirm by the page of the present writing: decreeing namely, that you alone, concerning the Mass, with the exception of monastic congregations, in the city are allowed to celebrate Mass with a Deacon and Subdeacon. But Prime, Tierce, Sext or the Ninth Hour and Compline, the Canonical Hours, it is lawful for none but you, in the winter church, at any time publicly to sing. From dedication also until Parasceve the Matins of the living in the same church you alone with the Lectors and other Clerics shall sing. But the Matins of the dead let the Lectors alone sing at the same time, unless perhaps in anniversaries common to you and them.

[9] the custody of the church, It is permitted only to you to open and close the church, through yourselves or through your messengers and custodians, to carry Crosses, and to have bells and a bell-tower. But we decree that the seats and stalls of Priests and Deacons pertain to you alone: so much so that in those very seats, with you present, it is not lawful for any of the Decumani to sit without your command: seats and stalls, nor should the same Decumani presume to ascend to the stalls when they sing Mass: nor likewise when they sing Mass, should they cross through the middle of the choir in front of you: but in the customary manner after your seats let them ascend to the altar. But when a Mass is sung, the offices of the dead in the greater choir they shall not celebrate, nor with psalms to any altar, except St. Ambrose, shall they ever processionally go. We therefore command that these things be observed firm and inviolate in perpetuity, and for the strength of greater firmness and the memory of all afterwards, we fortify them with the protection of the present writing: decreeing that no Clerk or layman of our jurisdiction may rashly contravene the page of this our sanction and confirmation. with penalties established against contraveners, If therefore any Ecclesiastical or secular person, remaining in our Archbishopric, shall have attempted to come against those things which we have said, or to infringe the page of such our decree, and having been admonished, shall not repent; let him feel the wrath and indignation of almighty God and of Blessed Ambrose our Patron, and incur the peril of all his honor, and unless he shall have desisted from his resolve, fall into the snare of anathema, and with Judas the traitor feel the pain of eternal judgment. But to all observing these same things be peace and the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen. I Adobadus, scribe of Lord Galdino, Archbishop of Milan, Legate of the Apostolic See, by his mandate and in his place have subscribed. Given by the hand of Lord Algisius Sacristan and Chancellor. I Adobadus,

Lector, by his mandate have written. Thus far the constitution of St. Galdino, which he directed to Milo, then Archpriest, afterwards Bishop of Turin, and Ubertus the Archdeacon, afterwards Archbishop of Milan, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, and Pope called Urban III: who are designated by the letters M and V.

[10] other documents given in his presence in the year 1171, Then in the year 1171, on the 12th day before the Kalends of October, with the Lord Galdino, by the grace of God Archbishop of the holy Church of Milan, and Legate of the Roman See, present and consenting, a certain agreement made Amizo, Abbot of the monastery of St. Ambrose, for whom, by the command of his Lord Galdino Archbishop of Milan, Wifredus subscribed. The complete document Puricellus published in chapter 522. Wifredus was a monk and Deacon of the said monastery. Another document is had in chapter 536, done in the city of Milan, in the Palace of Lord Galdino the Archbishop, in the year 1174, Indiction 7, on the 10th day of April, and 1174, before Lord Galdino, by the grace of God Archbishop of the holy Church of Milan and Legate of the Apostolic See, in which Lord Satropus, Provost of the church of St. Ambrose, confesses that he has received a sum of money from the Abbot of this monastery John, on account of the transaction of Milo, Bishop of Turin, confirmed by Pope Alexander: whose diploma is brought forth in chapter 533, in which the transaction is said to be made "by the mandate of our venerable brother Galdino, Archbishop of Milan, Legate of the Apostolic See." Another document Ughellus has, signed in the year 1173, on October 6.

[11] in which year Frederick again invaded Lombardy, In the said year 1174 Frederick Barbarossa, at the suggestion of the people of Pavia and of the Marquess of Monferrato, as the often-indicated Acts of Alexander report in Baronius for the said year no. 1, with a great army returned into Italy, destroyed Susa, subjugated Asti, besieged Alessandria, with some cities surrendering themselves. But the Milanese and other confederates came to the aid of the Alessandrians, and in the following year attacked Pavia: to which the Emperor retreated, and began fraudulently to treat of peace. There was at Pavia Bishop Peter Toscanus, who adhered to Frederick, and therefore was involved in ecclesiastical censures: but after the reconciliation of Frederick restored to his dignity, he survived to the year 1178, St. Galdino is said to have subjected Pavia to the interdict: in which St. Lanfranc succeeded him, whose natal day is on June 23. That the city of Pavia was subjected to the Ecclesiastical interdict by St. Galdino, the eulogies of the Archbishops in the Synodal Acts of St. Charles Borromeo teach. That the translation of the body of St. Bassianus, Bishop of Lodi, is attributed to him, we do not admit: since that was done in the year 1163 by Victor Antipope, he did not translate the body of St. Bassianus, when St. Galdino, still Archdeacon, was living in exile with Pope Alexander in Gaul. Consult what we said on January 19 in the Life of St. Bassianus. Nor do we touch upon the Order of the Humiliati, which many recent authors have approved by St. Galdino at the command of the Supreme Pontiff: nor does he seem to have approved the Order of the Humiliati. because that Order, under Pope Lucius III, successor of Alexander, they write to have been begun, Silvester Marulus or Maurolycus, in Mare Oceanum of sacred History of all Religions book 3 page 180 and following; and Paul Morigia of Milan, in the History of the Origins of any Religious Order chapter 29. But Tristan Chalcus, also of Milan, in the History of Milan book 6, makes the Origin of the Humiliati much more ancient, referring its beginnings to the year of Christ 1019.

[12] He died on April 18, the 2nd Sunday after Easter, in the year 1176. St. Galdino died on April 18, the second Sunday after Easter, the same Sunday on which a decade before he had received consecration. These characters, indicated in the Acts, agree accurately with the year 1176; when with Lunar cycle 18, Solar 9, Dominical letters D C, Easter fell on the 4th day of April, and consequently the second Sunday after the said feast on the 18th of the same month. The anniversary celebrity of St. Galdino was formerly held in the church of Milan on the said second Sunday after Easter, on whatever day it fell. His feast formerly on the said Sunday, A trace of which custom, according to Puricellus chapter 544, is seen to this day, that at first Vespers of the same Sunday, the urban Clergy every year, from the Metropolitan basilica, carries a plenary Indulgence until the following day to the house of the prisoners, situated in the street of the goldsmiths, and devoted to the patronage of St. Galdino. But St. Charles Borromeo, when he published the Ambrosian Breviary, reformed by himself, in the year 1582, now April 18. transferred the anniversary celebrity of St. Galdino from the said Sunday to April 18, on which he flew to the heavens. These things are so clear, that nothing seems capable of being opposed. Meanwhile Ughellus in the eulogy of St. Galdino opposes two original monuments, almost eaten away by age, sent to him, made in the year 1173 on November 2 and 16: to which, after others, Algisius Archbishop of Milan, who succeeded St. Galdino, and previously as his Sacristan and Chancellor subscribed to the above-cited letters, subscribes. To the documents of Ughellus a response is given, To which we reply that they, although almost eaten by age, because perhaps they had been preserved in a damp place, are in no way originals, but transcribed afterwards: but because Algisius afterwards was Archbishop, therefore for greater authority, in place of Sacristan or Chancellor, the more honorable title was substituted by the monks of Morimondo, transcribing these instruments from the original. For if Algisius, already then Archbishop, had been present at their making and subscribed, honorable mention of him would have been made at the beginning of the documents, as is found done in the letters of St. Galdino above related, which Adobaedus the scribe subscribed in his name. We have often detected similar errors in the diplomas of ancient Kings and Bishops, transcribed even before seven hundred years: to which have been added the names of Bishops long dead before, and years attributed to Kings some time after their death; and therefore we think we must proceed cautiously in such questions, to be defined from the faith of transcribed diplomas. Besides, we have given documents made before St. Galdino in the year 1174, on the 10th day of April, which confirm with the ancient Acts and traditions of the Ambrosian Church all that we have established about the day, month, and year of St. Galdino's death. What others by mere conjecture have said about the time of his death, referring it to the fifth, seventh, or eighth year above eleven hundred and seventy, we do not wish to mention, because from what has been said before they are efficaciously and evidently overturned.

HYMN

From the ancient Breviary of the Church of Milan.

Galdino, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Archbishop of Milan, and Legate of the Apostolic See (S.)

Happy, with a happy Prelate, O Church of Ambrose, Of the Confessor most excellent Galdino tell the praises. The festive birthday of your kindly Pontiff Solemnly celebrate, O city of the Milanese. Whose works are holy, most excellent holiness, Faith, hope and charity, with great constancy. An outstanding preacher, he sows the seed of the word: As the furnace the potter's vessels, whom the Lord proves. He macerates his body, devoting himself to prayers, To fasts, vigils, and genuflections. Galdino was a Pontiff, kindly, mild, humble, He also an artisan of virtues, pious, prudent, affable: He the mirror of honor, wondrous justice, In tribulation rejoicing, constant, strong and stable. With much patience he also with mercy Passes to the joys of heaven, blessed now through all things.