ON SAINT CRONAN,
ABBOT OF ROSCREA IN IRELAND.
AROUND A.D. 640.
PrefaceCronan, Abbot of Roscrea in Ireland (Saint)
By D. P.
In the eastern region of Munster there is a district which is called Eile, facing the western land of the Lagenians, which is called Ossraigi, as the Life of Saint Mochemoci or Pulcherius, given on March 13, n. 17, has. Some translate it into Latin as "Helia." In Helia, a small region of Ireland John Speed, in his Geographic Theater of the British Monarchy, calls it Haly, a small region enclosed by the Synann, Bristnog, and Nura rivers, and he attributes it to the Province and within this, to the County of King's County in Leinster. James Ussher, most skilled in Irish matters, and Archbishop (if it is lawful to call him thus) of Armagh and Primate of Ireland, binds it to the County of Tipperary in Munster: various authors vary according to the various division of provinces, on which there is no need to dwell here. It is enough to know that the region is situated on the borders of Connacht, Leinster, and Munster, and in it Roscrea, a city once episcopal, as Ussher testifies, now annexed to the bishopric of Killaloe.
[2] Roscrea is built by Saint Cronan This had its beginning from Saint Cronan, with whom we now undertake to deal: who, as Ussher recites from his Life in his book on the origins of the British churches, p. 969, "coming to the eastern region of Munster, came into his own homeland, that is Ele, and stood beside the marsh Lurgan opposite the land of Osraigi, which is the western region of Leinster. He built a cell near the lake Cree (in which is a small island, on which is a monastery of monks always most religious), which cell is called Sean-ross; from which place afterwards, as deserted and pathless, transferring his dwelling to the royal road, he built a great monastery, and there grew an illustrious city, in which, after many miracles, the holy old Cronan rested."
[3] A city once episcopal This city afterwards (as Colgan writes from domestic Annals in the last chapter of Appendix 5 to the Acts of Saint Brigid, fol. 634) was burned with flames by internal or external enemies, or even by accidental chance, more than once, in a single 12th century, namely in 1133, 1135, 1147, and 1154; so that it is no wonder if in the twin Notices of churches written in the middle ages, and added as a secondary matter to the older Notice of sacred geography collected from Councils and Fathers, the Bishop of Roscrea is not named among the Suffragans of the Archbishop of Cashel. But if it lost its episcopal dignity, it did not lose the veneration and memory of its holy Founder amid so many adversities; In which he is venerated as Patron and this perseverance in venerating him has effected that he is not only found inscribed in all the Hiberniae Hagiologies which we have often cited, but also that the notice of him has penetrated to foreign nations, as may be gathered from our MS. Florarium, in which on this day (the very day on which he died, and on which he is named in the Irish fasts) we read thus: "Likewise of Saint Cronan, Bishop."
[4] Him not only as Abbot The Lives, both the one cited by Ussher (not yet seen by us) and the other which is to be given here from our MS. of Salamanca, call him only Abbot, being either a compendium of that more fully described Life, or (what we rather think) the beginning of one to be more fully described: nor is any mention made in them of episcopal ordination. But that it frequently happened to ancient Irish Abbots that they were also Bishops, either ordained for the preaching of the Gospel, But also that he was a Bishop or augmented with this power for the more convenient governance of several monasteries in different places, we are persuaded by various examples throughout this whole work: for (to say nothing of Saint Berachius produced on February 15, because only foreigners call him Bishop) Saints Kieranus and Carthagus on March 5, Saint Senanus on the 8th of the same, though Abbots in their primary title, were only secondarily Bishops; and several will occur to us afterwards. From this heading, therefore, that Saint Cronan, with whom we now deal, is called only Abbot, nothing prevents his being believed to be the same as the one of whom in the Life of Saint Columba written by Saint Adamnan, book 1, chapter 44, in Colgan, these things are read.
[5] And indeed praised in the Life of Saint Columba "At another time a certain Bishop from the province of the Munstermen, named Cronan, came as a proselyte to holy Columba, who, as much as he could, humbly concealed himself, so that no one should know he was a Bishop. But nevertheless this could not escape the Saint: for on another Lord's day, ordered by the Saint to confect the Body of Christ, he calls the Saint, that together, as if two Presbyters, they might break the Lord's bread. The Saint accordingly, approaching the altar, suddenly looking at his face, thus addressed him: 'May Christ bless you, Brother: break this bread alone by Episcopal rite: now we know that you are a Bishop. Why until now have you tried to hide yourself, that the veneration due you might not be rendered by us?' When the humble pilgrim, greatly abashed, heard this word of the Saint, he venerated Christ in the Saint." But, says Colgan on February 9, applying these things to another unknown Cronan, "Saint Cronan of Roscrea was later in time than Saint Columba, for he in the year 625 was present at the death of Saint Molian son of Hua-Alto, as is found in his life, from which also it is clear that he lived many years afterwards." Nor does his age prohibit this Be that as it may, and even if Cronan of Roscrea lived beyond the year 640, ought not he, who is known to have lost his sight from excessive old age in extreme age, to have reached fifty years or more before Saint Columba departed from the living at the end of the sixth century? And so might he not have been with him around the year 590 on the island of Iona?
[6] We marvel that it seems too much to Colgan, so studious a champion of enormous longevity among the Irish, if Saint Cronan reached the 90th or 100th year of his age. Born around the year 540 We also marvel that not a much greater age was attributed to him by the same; inasmuch as in his first years of spiritual teaching, when he ought to have been at least close to thirty, he is read in n. 4 of the Life to have lodged as a guest with Saint Kieranus of Clonmacnois. But according to Colgan's opinion, received from Ussher and indicated in several places, Kieranus died in the year 548; how therefore could he not have flourished together with Saint Columba, born, according to Colgan himself, in 519, of equal or even greater age? But what would be for Colgan a knot very difficult to untie, and would compel him to prolong Cronan's Life beyond 120 years, has with us a ready solution. For we shall show on September 9 that it cannot be that Kieranus in the 33rd year of his age founded Clonmacnois and died the following year; and that nothing prevents him from having lived beyond the year 570, even if, founding that his chief and last monastery around the year 520, he had been older than forty. But because he is numbered among the Presbyters outside the order of Bishops Therefore neither from the custom of the Irish, having the same as Bishops and Abbots, nor from the reckoning of the times, are we compelled to make this guest of Saint Columba different from our Saint Cronan.
[7] Yet there is another reason why we hesitate to inscribe him among the Bishops: namely, that there exists a most ancient Catalog of the Saints of Ireland, written in three orders according to different times, and published by Ussher on p. 913; in which the third order of Saints, extending from the beginning of the 7th century to the year 664, is thus listed: "Petranus the Bishop, Ultan the Bishop, Colman the Bishop, Murgeus the Bishop, Aedan the Bishop, Loman the Bishop, Senach the Bishop. These are Bishops and several others. But these are Presbyters: Fechinus the Presbyter, Airendanus, Failanus, Comanus, Commianus, Colmanus, Ernanus, Cronanus, and very many other Presbyters." Ussher inquires and treats about each; here I note this for our purpose: namely Cronan, and him only as a Presbyter. But since here are named only the more illustrious Saints and those better known throughout all Ireland, we can scarcely be persuaded that Saint Cronan, founder of fifty places (as the marginal note to the Life has) or at least of very many; most honored Patron of Roscrea, afterwards a most celebrated and episcopal city; whose Life was commonly in people's hands, and whose miracles were everywhere celebrated, could have been omitted in that catalog, In the ancient catalog of chief Saints and some other of obscurer sanctity and fame named in his place. And if that was not done, it follows that Saint Cronan of Roscrea the Abbot always stood within the order of Presbyters; let some later writers call him Bishop, because some of his successors finally obtained this title for themselves and their successors, as we think was often done elsewhere.
[8] But in the present case it could more easily happen, because at that very time there flourished in Ireland some Cronan the Bishop, as appears from the inscription of the Letter of the Roman Clergy which is the ninth in Ussher's Sylloge, So that as such and senior of the presbyters, he is named first in the year 639 directed in the year 639: "To the most learned and most holy Tomianus, Columbanus, Cronanus, Dinianus, and Baithanus, Bishops; to Cronanus, Ernianus, Laisreanus, Scellanus, and Segenus, Presbyters; to Saranus and the other Irish Doctors or Abbots." For we think that to Saint Cronan, now nearly a centenarian, on account of the prerogative of age, the first place among the Presbyters fell, both in writing to Rome and in receiving the response thence; and that the other Cronan the Bishop, for this reason after Tomianus the Primate of Armagh, is named second among the four subscribed, because he was the head of the Bishops of Munster, the second of the Provinces, and perhaps also senior to the others from the same province; if indeed he was the very one whose episcopal grade Saint Columba deserved to know from him as his guest.
[9] However this may be, Saint Cronan of Roscrea is praised in the Life of Saint Molua or Lugidius of Clonfert, to be given on August 4, As such he had given Viaticum to Saint Lugidius around the year 600 as a Presbyter: for in it is expressly read that "Saint Lugidius, warned of his impending death, came to Saint Cronan of Ruis-cree, then sitting in the cell of Senruis, and asked from him the sacrifice, which he might carry with him: and Cronan gave it to him. To whom Lugidius said: 'With you I leave my place, that you may defend it from persecutors.'" But Lugidius died plainly around the year 600, as one who knew of the election of Gregory the Great and ceased to live under Brandub, King of Leinster. And if at that time the beginning had not yet been given to the monastery of Roscrea, but Cronan still resided in the cell of Senruis, to no one can it seem too much if we say that he, who had not yet occupied a stable place,
was still vigorous in age when Saints Lugidius and Columba died, and therefore we believe he lived beyond the year of the letter given by the Roman Clergy to the Irish.
[10] As for the Life, it is for the use of the church of Roscrea, written four or five centuries after the Saint's death, as most of the others, from older monuments and perhaps Irish ones, by some monk or cleric of Roscrea. Life written in a simple style For thus the author concludes it: "These few things spoken about the virtues of the most holy old Cronan… to your dignity, Brothers, I have written… who to a decrepit age… vigorous in mind… in a most venerable old age, on the 4th day before the Kalends of May, fell asleep in peace, and in his own city of Roscrea, where miracles are worked by God at all times at his Relics, was buried with honor. That is, our holy Cronan among the choirs of Angels passed to Christ." So the anonymous writer, Testifies that he lived to a decrepit age who uses a style free of all pretense and exaggeration; yet neither, as many of the simpler compilers of Irish Lives, does he allow miracles to be imposed upon him, greatly exceeding by themselves or by the added circumstances the faith and common measure of miracles; nor does he stumble into such parachronisms as the Irish are wont to incur, especially those who wrote Lives from merely popular and orally transmitted tales. But since our Salamanca codex presented this Life mutilated at the end, R. P. Thomas Sirin, the most diligent successor of Colgan, supplied the last two numbers from his MS: which here we acknowledge with grateful remembrance of the benefit received.
LIFE
from our MS. of Salamanca.
Cronan, Abbot of Roscrea in Ireland (Saint)
BHL Number: 1995
FROM THE MSS.
CHAPTER I.
Living a religious life in Connacht with disciples, he is renowned for miracles.
Chap. 1.
[1] The glorious Abbot Cronan was born from the province of the Munstermen; Born in Munster whose father was called Odran, begotten of the people of a Hely, who had a wife of the people of b Corcobaschin, named Coemri, who bore three sons to her husband, of whom one and the chief was Saint Cronan, who bore the fear and love of God from the cradle in his breast, and after a short time passed, With Mobai his cousin leaving his parents and spurning the vanities of the world, went to the holy Fathers to learn their manners and doctrine. He took as companion of his journey and witness of his conversation a chaste and holy man, named c Mobai, his cousin: for the mothers of these two and of d Saint Mochonna were three sisters.
[2] Saint Cronan therefore went into the province of e the Connacht people, and there dwelt by the gulf of Puayd: when his life and sanctity were heard there, He goes to Connacht soon many holy men attached themselves to him and professed the monastic life. One day then, when Saint Cronan was there, he saw a certain bound man being led to death at the King's command: seeing him, the Saint, moved by pity, And there, at the King's command, he preserves alive beseeched the King to dismiss him. But the proud King, not hearing the holy man, ordered the captive to be sunk into the deep of the lake of Feas-ruayd. And when he had been held under the waters for the greater part of a day, they saw him swiftly running to the harbor, with the King and his own watching. To whom the King said: "How were you freed?" And he said: "As long as I was under the waters, A man who was drowned Saint Cronan held me in his bosom, and then led me safe to the harbor." Hearing which, the King, led by repentance, with bent knees before the man of God, asked pardon, gave the man freedom, and magnified the virtue of God in his servant.
[3] At another time also, as holy Cronan was walking with his disciples in those parts, And a heathen long before buried he saw a huge sepulcher beside the road. The disciples said to him: "Father Abbot, if he could speak with us here, he would know how to tell us many unknown things." To whom the holy man: "This were easy for God." Which said, he approached the sepulcher, and blessing it, ordered it in the name of Christ to rise, and immediately a man of wondrous size arose, He raises and baptizes who told his pagan deeds and the place in hell in which he was, and suppliantly asked to be baptized. Who presently, reborn, giving thanks to God and his Saint, fell asleep in Christ f.
[4] At one time Saint Cronan and Saint Mobai were in the monastery of Saint Kieranus g at Clonmacnois; but Saint Cronan, taking with him the leftovers of his lunch, habitually distributed them to the poor; He distributes the leftovers of his lunch to the poor while Saint Mobai left his in the community. Hearing this, the Abbot said: "Between the places of these Saints there will be this difference, that the place of Saint Cronan will abound in riches and charity, while the other will be otherwise." h At another time also, when Saint Cronan was alone in the same city, praying in a certain house, there came to him lepers, who seeing him pray, He cleanses two lepers and not wishing to disturb him from prayer, stood outside. Understanding this, the holy man prayed to God for them: there was then a great rain. The lepers then, trusting in the virtue of Saint Cronan, washed themselves in the water dripping from his roof: who soon were cleansed of all leprosy, and magnificently returned thanks to God and his Saint.
[5] Then Saint Cronan, leaving that place, began to build several other places to the honor of God and his Mother. He yields his place to others But the pious man burned with such charity toward all, that not only his own place to another needy, but also all things existing in that place he left, and sought a new place for himself. i At one time this man came to a place called Lusmag, k that is, the "Herbal field," where he dwelt a long time, and God worked many marvelous things there through him. Where, when one day he was in the forest, he saw a stag passing by, He tames a stag seen in the woods which being called by the man of God, soon meekly approached, ate apples from the bosom of the man of God, and dwelt so long familiarly with him, until having received permission he returned to the groves.
ANNOTATIONS.
CHAPTER II.
Other miracles in another place. Foundation of the Monastery of Roscrea.
Chap. 8.
[6] At another time this Saint asked a certain scribe, named Dima a, to write him the text of the Gospels, who was willing to grant only the writing of one day. To whom the holy man: "Write then without ceasing until the light of the sun fails you." He made 40 days pass as one for his scribe "I agree," he said. Certainly marvelous! The purity of God's Saint obtained from the Lord that the ray of the sun illuminated the scribe's window without ceasing for forty days and nights. But what is no less marvelous, the scribe in so long a time and such continuous labor felt no weariness or tedium, nor any desire of food, drink, or sleep: but the space of forty days he considered a single day; and God conferred such great speed to the scribe, that he wrote the four Gospels not so much with a good as with a true letter. When these things were heard, very many extolled God and his Saint with immense praises.
[7] He drives demons from the place In the aforesaid place such a multitude of demons appeared, that no one could dwell there before his coming: but the man of God, as an undefeated athlete of the Lord, fought mightily with them, and thus by the power of God drove them from that place, so that from then on no infestation of demons was felt there. He grants hearing to a deaf man At another time a certain deaf man came to Saint Cronan, that he might bring back the benefit of hearing: for whom the man of God praying, immediately his ears were opened, and giving thanks he returned to his own. At one time when Saint Cronan's monks did not have the necessities of life for the Paschal feast, they said to the Abbot: "Father, He obtains Paschal refreshment for his own ask for us from the Lord refreshment in his holy festivity." To whom he: "Our Lord is rich, merciful: he himself will minister food to us." Which also was done: for Saint Cronan's friends came to him with many provisions, which sufficed them until Pentecost.
[8] He understands those who were uncooperative with him slain on the same day At another time this Saint asked nine satellites standing on the bank of the Synan river to raise his skiff, which was submerged in the said river. But they, with one exception, disregarded the voice of the Saint. But God's vengeance on the proud was soon at hand: for eight of them were slain by enemies on that very day, but the holy man's sanctity preserved the one who had obeyed him unharmed amid the swords of enemies: who afterwards, leaving the world, attached himself to him by habit and profession.
[9] After these things certain monks seeking a place to remain came to Saint Cronan: who, kindled by excessive love of God and neighbor, Again yields the place to others immediately granted them the place with its contents, and firmly commanded that they should take nothing of all away. Nor does he allow his own to bring anything away with him Leaving from there, to those following him he said: "Who of us has stolen anything from our place?" But one of the Brothers confessed that he had carried off a certain satchel b. To whom the holy father: "Return to the place with the satchel, and do penance
in it until the day of your death"; and so it was done. Saint Cronan, going on, came to his native land, namely Hely, c where near the lake Cre he built a cell, which was then called Senruys, Beginning the monastery of Roscrea where he performed many miracles, God working, and afterwards there happily rested.
[10] At a certain time there came certain honorable men to Saint Cronan, seeking lodging; Whence he had migrated but they did not find the place, because it lay somewhat apart from the public road, for avoiding the tumult of the world; and they remained all night without food and shelter. Hearing which the Saint, the next day, grieved much at their error and want, and called a boy who secretly led him to the royal road. When he arrived there, he said to the boy: "Return to your place; but I will stay here." Hearing which, his monks earnestly asked him to return to his place. To whom he: "To a desert place, where the poor and guests cannot find me, I will not go: but on the public road I will remain." But his monks, desiring his return more ardently, persuaded d Bishop Furseus to ask him to reside in his proper place. To whom the Bishop: Unless Bishop Furseus had forbidden "Your Abbot will not, by my counsel, change the place which he has chosen: for as bees on a summer day fly about their hives, so around that place the gate of heaven is open, and the visitation of Angels does not cease to come. Returning therefore to your Abbot, obey him." And so it was done. He built, then, a noble monastery, where, winning many souls for Christ, he performed many virtues, God helping.
[11] At one time the people of e Osragy came to lay waste the people of Hely; He frees the Hely people from the invasion of the Osragians seeing which, the people of the land unanimously and confidently fled to Saint Cronan, that he might defend them from enemies. His monks also feared the enemies' incursions not a little. To whom he said: "Sons, do not fear, because that army of enemies will do no evil here, although it may seem to itself to do it": which the following event proved. For that army thought it had killed many men, laid waste the people, burned the villages, and returned with great triumph to their own. But a wondrous thing was effected by the merits of the holy man. For after their departure, the people of Hely were found unharmed, except for one man who had not fled to the Saint: and no devastation, no burning was found to have been made; but only the eyes of the enemies were deceived. The fame of this miracle being spread, peoples from various parts of Ireland were excited to the reverence of God and his Saint.
ANNOTATIONS.
CHAPTER III.
The remainder of Saint Cronan's life spent at Roscrea.
[12] At another time Saint a Mochemoc came with many men to Saint Cronan; seeing which, the Cellarer, At the coming of Saint Mochemoc ran to the Father, saying that he had only a little flour, a medium vessel of butter, and a very little beer. But the pious Father, trusting in Christ's bounty, blessed those things, and ordered them to be prepared and served to the guests and the household: which by the man of God's blessing, by God's grace granting, grew so much that from them 120 men were abundantly refreshed. He multiplies a little flour and butter Feasting therefore and rejoicing in the Lord until a great part of the night, a certain Conversus said with a loud voice: "Now I see that tonight the morning praise will not be performed." To whom Saint Cronan said: "Brother, in the guest Christ is received, therefore at the coming of Christ we ought to feast and rejoice. But if you had not said this, the Angels of God would have prayed for us here this night." They then ended the banquet, and gave thanks to God.
[13] At another time also a certain holy man, named Colman, He raises the dead Saint Colman was at the last extremity: who asked Saint Cronan through a messenger to come to him before he gave up his spirit. But behold, before Saint Cronan arrived, that man died through a natural day. But Saint Cronan arriving at the lifeless body, with all put outside, prayed to God for the dead: and immediately he who had died arose safe and joyful: and giving thanks to his benefactor, devoted himself and his own perpetually to Saint Cronan's service. Seeing which, the people extolled the mighty deeds of God and his Saint. Another man also called by a similar name, Likewise another of the same name slain by enemies, Saint Cronan by his prayers, in the sight of many, deserved to recall to life: who afterwards living for seven years, devoutly committed himself to God's elect.
[14] At another time also, as Saint Cronan was passing by in a chariot along a certain road, his charioteer saw a great tree across the road and said to the Saint: "What shall we do? for we cannot lead the chariot across the tree, nor is there anywhere the chariot can turn aside." To whom the Saint: "Son, put your head in my bosom." When he had put it there, the tree suddenly rose on high, nor did it fall again until after many years it failed by rotting. Seeing which miracle, nine men by the road attached themselves to the holy man in life and monastic profession.
[15] At another time also, b Fingen, King of Munster, went to the fathers of Hely, and pitched his camp in a village which is called c Raith-becain. And a certain thief coming from Midia stole two horses of the King: wherefore the King being very angry, The King, angry with the Hely people about lost horses decreed to strike the inhabitants of that place with a great plague, because he reckoned his horses had been stolen through them. Hearing which, Saint Cronan, pitying the innocent and asked by others, went to the King, that he might mitigate his wrath. It happened, however, that the King's Prefect, He placates him with the Prefect healed seized with great pain and great torment, and unable in any way to sleep, always howled: for his belly was vehemently swollen. Seeing which, his friends asked Saint Cronan for him: who sent him his belt. Placed around his loins, the swelling of his belly soon vanished, and thus the Prefect, made whole, presented himself to the King. Understanding which, the King laid aside all wrath of his soul toward the inhabitants, and forgave all their debt, for reverence of Saint Cronan. The holy man, wishing however to satisfy the King, With other horses given behold, two blue horses with golden bridles, from the lake Cre, came by a direct path to Saint Cronan, and stood tamed before him. Being presented to the King, he rejoiced greatly.
[16] The same King Fingen had a mute and deaf son, And with speech given to the mute son who by the King's command was brought to Saint Cronan to be blessed by him: the boy, being blessed by him, soon received the benefit of speaking and hearing, and devoutly gave thanks. At another time also the Gospel book opened by Saint Cronan fell into the lake Cre, and was at the bottom of the lake for forty days and nights: He preserves the Gospel unharmed from the waters at whose submersion the man devoted to God was much perturbed, but by God's mercy it happened that not long after, that Gospel book was found, and in no letter violated.
[17] A golden apple sometime, with two chains hanging from it, in a village called d Cluainferta, was found; and the inhabitants of that place, knowing it was a royal gift, made another copper apple like it with two chains, and it was diligently gilded on the outside, for they feared the King of e Cashel, if he by his right should take it from them. [He reveals an apple of gilded copper offered to the King in place of the gold one] But the King, hearing this, sent his Prefect to them, and he said to them: "Where is the royal gift which has been found with you? Give it to the King, that he may have his due from it." Then they gave him that copper one which they themselves had made, and it was handed over to the King. In those days also the holy old Cronan was in the city of Cashel with the King. The eyes of the most blessed father Cronan then saw nothing because of old age. And when that copper one was going through the King's palace from hand to hand, and men seeing it, it was given into the hand of the holy old Cronan; and the holy old Cronan, touching it, said prophetically before all: "This is not now what was found at the village of Cluainferta, for this is copper: the finders deceitfully made copper gilded instead of gold." Then the King, proving that prophecy, as the Saint said, so it was found. For breaking the copper one, the King sent again to the inhabitants of the said village, and they, compelled, handed over to the messengers the royal gift. The King now knowing this and all others marveled at the grace of Christ in his holy old Cronan. Afterwards with honor by the King and by all the people, the decrepit old man Cronan, full of piety, returned from the city of Cashel to his own city of Roscrea.
[18] He dies piously These few things about the virtues of the most holy old Cronan, and the miracles which Christ wrought through him, I have written to your dignity, dearest Brothers: for that servant of Christ, incredibly to us lukewarm ones, with mercy, patience, modesty, fasts, prayers, humility, and what is greater than the others, charity, keeping the divine commandments, most fully enjoyed them from birth to decrepit age. When therefore his last day approached, the holy Father Cronan, weak in body, strong in mind, called to himself his people; and teaching them, exhorted them that they, always having unity and peace, might remain stable until the end in the good purpose they had begun; And is buried at Roscrea and with hand raised blessed them and his place. And receiving the divine Sacrifice in most venerable old age, on the 4th day before the Kalends of May, he fell asleep in peace; and in his own city of Roscrea, where miracles are wrought by God at all times from his Relics, with due honor he was buried. That is, our holy Cronan among the choirs of Angels with unutterable joy and most sweet songs passed to Christ: to whom be honor and glory with God the Father and the Holy Spirit for ever and ever. Amen.